Some Quality Attributes of Composite Flour and Bread Produced from Wheat and African Walnut

This study explored the potential of African walnut in the formulation of composite flour which can be used for bread production and in various food applications. African walnut flour was produced and used to substitute wheat flour at different levels (5 - 25%) in the production of wheat-African walnut composite flour. Functional and pasting properties of the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Proximate composition, antioxidant activity, some loaf quality attributes and sensory acceptability of bread produced from the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Wheat bread served as control. The composite flour showed varying functional properties which ranged from 2.43 to 3.46 (swelling capacity), 1.15 to 1.85 mL/g (water absorption capacity), 2.15 to 2.75 mL/g (oil absorption capacity), 10.80 to16.60% (foam capacity), 63.0 to 75.0% (dispersibility), 38.92 to 69.92 seconds (wetability), 0.75 to 0.79 g/mL (packed bulk density) and 0.43 to 0.47 g/mL (loose bulk density). Inclusion of African walnut reduced peak viscosity (53.92 – 148.83 RVU), trough viscosity (52.25 – 88.58 RVU), breakdown viscosity (1.67 – 60.25 RVU), final viscosity (74.08 – 191.25 RVU) and setback viscosity (21.83 – 102.67 RVU) of the composite flour. Composite bread had better protein (9.75 – 16.93%), fat (3.42 – 9.94%), ash (1.46 – 2.75%), crude fibre (0.86 – 3.64%) but reduced specific loaf volume (2.36 – 4.18 cm3/g) and loaf height (3.00 – 5.40cm) than the control, and exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity (DPPH: 31.60 – 73.09% and FRAP: 0.51 - 4.25 mg/g). In term of sensory acceptability composite bread samples produced with 5 and 10 % levels of African walnut compared favourably with bread produced from wheat flour. Thus composite flour produced from wheat and African walnut flours showed an array of physicochemical properties which could make it useful in different food applications. Acceptable bread could be produced from wheat flour substituted with African walnut flour at 10% level.

Greek vs traditional yogurts: Sensory and physicochemical comparison

ABSTRACT Greek yogurt (GY) has gained popularity in recent years for its marked texture, taste, and nutritional characteristics compared to traditional yogurt (TY). The objective of this work was to analyze the physicochemical, sensory, and lipid profile of GY and TY with blueberry flavor, both manufactured by a local industry in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Protein and lipid content, as well as humidity, ash, and fatty acid profile were quantified and a sensory evaluation was completed using the affective method. The physicochemical results showed 1.5% and 2.3% more proteins and lipids, respectively, for GY compared to TY. The humidity in TY was 10% lower than in GY. Eighteen types of polyunsaturated, saturated, monounsaturated fatty acids were identified, with a high proportion of C14, C16, and C18. Sensory analysis showed a preference for GY over TY (64% versus 36%, p0.05). Both the protein and lipid content, associated with creaminess, likely influence better acceptance of GY.

RESUMEN El yogur griego (YG) ha ganado popularidad durante los últimos años por su marcada textura, sabor y características nutricionales en comparación con el yogur tradicional (YT). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el perfil fisicoquímico, sensorial y lipídico de YG y YT con sabor a arándano, ambos fabricados por una industria ubicada en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fueron cuantificados el contenido de proteínas, lípidos, humedad y cenizas, así como también el perfil de ácidos grasos y la evaluación sensorial por método afectivo. Los resultados fisicoquímicos mostraron que YG contiene 1,5% y 2,3% más de proteínas y lípidos, respectivamente, en comparación con YT (p0,05) en relación a la aceptación de los atributos color, olor, sabor y acidez. Los atributos cuerpo, apariencia y textura presentaron mejores scores de aceptación para el YG. Tanto el contenido de proteínas y lípidos, asociados a la cremosidad, probablemente hayan influenciado una mejor aceptación del YG.

Fortificação de massas de pizza com farinha integral de soja do novo cultivar 'UFVTN 105AP' / Fortification of pizza dough's with whole soybean flour of new cultivar 'UFVTN 105AP'

Objetivou-se caracterizar as propriedades físico-químicas e a correlação entre a textura instrumental e a aceitação sensorial de massas de pizza fortificadas com farinha integral de soja. Foram desenvolvidas formulações contendo 0%, 30%, 50% e 70% de farinha integral de soja. A análise de textura indicou que a adição de 50% de soja elevou (P<0,05) a dureza, gomosidade, elasticidade e mastigabilidade da massa de pizza. Os teores de proteína, fibra alimentar e dos minerais cálcio, zinco, magnésio, potássio, cobre e fósforo foram maiores (P<0,05) com o aumento da concentração da farinha de soja. O conteúdo de lipídio foi maior (P<0,05) na massa de pizza com 70% de farinha integral de soja. A formulação controle e aquela contendo 30% de farinha integral de soja foram as mais aceitas, sendo positivamente correlacionadas com a textura instrumental, uma vez que apresentaram menor dureza, gomosidade, elasticidade e mastigabilidade. Portanto, a farinha de soja adicionou minerais antioxidantes, proteína, fibra dietética, ácidos graxos essenciais (ω-6 e ω-3) e manteve a aceitação das massas de pizza, possibilitando o preparo de um alimento com alegação de saúde e qualidade sensorial.

This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties and the correlation between the instrumental texture and the sensory acceptance of pizza dough's fortified with whole soybean flour. Formulations were developed to contain 0%, 30%, 50% and 70% whole soybean flour. The texture analysis indicated that the addition of 50% soybean increased (P<0.05) firmness, gumminess, springiness and chewiness of pizza dough. The contents of protein, dietary fiber and and minerals calcium zinc, magnesium, potassium, copper and phosphorus were higher (P<0.05) with increasing concentration of soybean flour. The content of lipid was higher (P<0.05) in the pizza dough with 70% whole soybean flour. The control formulation and that containing 30% whole soybean flour were the most accepted, being positively correlated with the instrumental texture, since it had a lower firmness, gumminess, springiness and chewiness. Thus, the whole soybean flour added antioxidant minerals, protein, dietary fiber, essential fatty acids (ω-6 and ω-3) and maintained the acceptance of the pizza dough's, allowing to prepare food with health claim and sensory quality.

Determinação da doçura ideal em néctar de mamão adicionado de açúcar / Determination of ideal sweetness in nectar of papaya with sugar

O mamão é um fruto cuja polpa possui características sensoriais, químicas e digestivas atrativas, apresentando alta produção no país. Apesar disso, o néctar desse fruto é pouco difundido no mercado. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou elaborar néctares de mamão com diferentes teores de açúcar, visando a adequar a doçura ideal em açúcar para esse produto. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de néctar de mamão, com as mesmas proporções de polpa e água, e com concentrações de açúcar a 6, 8, 10 e 12%. Cem julgadores não treinados participaram do teste afetivo de aceitação por meio da escala do ideal com nove categorias, variando de "extremamente menos doce que o ideal" a "extremamente mais doce que o ideal". Houve um aumento no percentual para a categoria "doçura ideal", conforme aumento da concentração de açúcar de 6 para 12%. Foi verificada também uma predominância na frequência de respostas para as categorias "menos doce que o ideal", para o néctar com 6% de açúcar, e para as categorias "mais doce que o ideal", para o néctar com 12% de açúcar. Para a obtenção de um néctar de mamão com "doçura ideal", a concentração de açúcar deve ser de 10,4%.

Papaya is a fruit whose pulp has attractive sensory, chemical and digestive characteristics, with high production in the country. Nevertheless, the nectar of this fruit is not widespread in the market. Thus, this study aimed to develop nectars of papaya with different sugar contents to adjust the sweetness to sugar ideal for this product. Four formulations of nectar of papaya were prepared with the same proportions of pulp and water, and sugar concentrations at 6, 8, 10 and 12%. One hundred untrained panelists participated to the affective test of acceptance by the just-about-right scale with nine categories, ranging from "extremely less sweet than ideal" to "extremely sweeter than ideal". There was an increase in the percentage for the "ideal sweetness" as sugar concentration increased from 6 to 12%. There was also verified a predominance in the frequency of responses for the categories "less sweet than ideal" to nectar of papaya with 6% sugar and for the categories "sweeter than ideal" to nectar of papaya with 12% sugar. The sugar concentration must be 10.4% to obtain nectar papaya with "ideal sweetness".

Effect of Cinnamon Powder Addition on Nutritional Composition, Physical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Butter Biscuits

Demand for dietary fibre-enriched and low sugar bakery products is rapidly increasing due to the current high incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cinnamon, a spice which acts as a natural sweetener and insulin mimetic is believed to have health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine the properties of butter biscuits containing cinnamon powder (CP) that partially replaced sucrose at levels of 0 (control), 2, 4 or 6%. Methods: Nutritional composition, physical properties and sensory acceptability of the biscuits were analysed using AOAC methods, texture profile analyser and 7-point hedonic scaling method, respectively. Results: Protein, ash and dietary fibre contents of the biscuits increased significantly (P < 0.05) whereas the moisture and sucrose contents were reduced significantly, proportionately to the increasing levels of CP. In texture profile analyses, increment of firmness and reduction of crispiness of the biscuits were detected with increasing levels of CP, but not significantly. The sensory scores for control and 2% CP biscuits were not significantly different for all the sensory attributes. Biscuits with 4% CP received lower scores only for aroma and appearance whereas the scores for colour, crispiness and flavour showed no significant differences compared to the control and 2% CP biscuit. Conclusion: The addition of 4% CP in biscuit could be an effective way to produce nutritious butter biscuits without any apparent change to its desirable physical properties and sensory acceptability.

Otimização da aceitabilidade sensorial de requeijão cremoso light / Optimization of the sensory acceptability of light cream cheesecurd

O requeijão cremoso é um tipo de queijo fundido originalmente brasileiro, fabricado em todo território nacional com algumas variações de tecnologia. Este é um dos principais tipos de queijos produzido e consumido no Brasil e apresenta como característica o elevado teor de gordura. Por outro lado, a gordura apresenta papel fundamental na aparência, sabor e textura de requeijão, portanto desenvolver um produto light com qualidade sensorial semelhante à versão tradicional é um grande desafio à indústria de alimentos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química e a aceitabilidade sensorial de requeijão cremoso light, com diferentes níveis de redução de gordura, em relação à textura e impressão global. O experimento seguiu um delineamento de superfície de resposta, o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) com dois fatores (gordura e umidade). A aceitabilidade sensorial foi avaliada por 100 consumidores, utilizando a escala hedônica de nove pontos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os requeijões com diferentes níveis de redução de gordura apresentaram aceitabilidade sensorial semelhante quando combinados a um aumento proporcional do teor de umidade. Os produtos que apresentaram extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) de aproximadamente 19,3 por cento, originados de diferentes combinações entre gordura e umidade, foram os que apresentaram melhor aceitação por parte dos consumidores, demonstrando a importância do ESD na aceitabilidade sensorial.

Cream cheesecurd is a type of processed cheese, originally Brazilian, produced throughout the entire Brazilian territory with some technological variations. This is one of the main types of cheese produced and consumed in Brazil and it is known for presenting an elevated fat content. On the other hand, the fat plays a fundamental role in appearance, flavor and texture of cheese, then developing a light product with sensory quality similar to the traditional version is a major challenge to food industry. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and sensory acceptability of light cream cheesecurd with different levels of fat reduction for texture and overall impression. The experiment followed a design of response surface, the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) with two factors (fat and moisture). The sensory acceptability was evaluated by 100 consumers, by the hedonic scale of nine points. The results showed that the cheesecurds with different levels of fat reduction had similar sensory acceptability when combined with a proportional increase in moisture content. The products that presented dry defatted extract (DDE) of approximately 19.3 percent, originated from different combinations of fat and moisture, were those with better acceptance by consumers, demonstrating the importance of DDE in sensory acceptance.

Desenvolvimento de bebidas mistas à base de cajá (Spondias mombin l.) E caju (Anacardium occidentale) enriquecidas com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina / Development of mixed beverages made of caja (Spondias mombin l.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) added of Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar tres bebidas mistas a base de caja (Spondias mombin L.) e caju (Anacardium occidentale), na forma "pronto para beber", com propriedades prebioticas e avaliar as suas caracteristicas quimicas, fisico-quimicas e sensoriais. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulacoes com duas combinacoes de polpa de fruta, sacarose e ingredientes prebioticos (inulina padrao, inulina de alto desempenho- HP e frutooligossacarideos- FOS). As formulacoes foram submetidas as determinacoes de pH, acidez, solidos soluveis, acucares, acido ascorbico, carotenoides totais e polifenois totais e avaliacoes da aceitacao dos atributos sensoriais, corpo, docura e impressao global, atitude de compra e preferencia dos consumidores. Verificou-se que o pH (3,19 a 3,40), solidos soluveis totais (14,80 a 15,40 oBrix) e polifenois totais (24,76 a 34,58mg/100g) apresentaram diferenca estatistica significativa (p .0,01). Enquanto para os teores de acidez total (0,48 a 0,56 mg/100g), acucares totais (7,78 a 9,84%), acucares redutores (1,62 a 2,08%), acucares nao redutores (5,86 a 7,85%), acido ascorbico (33,43 a 35,17 mg/100g) e carotenoides totais (30,30 a 34,20 mg/100g), nao se observou diferenca significativa. Os atributos sensoriais avaliados apresentaram resultados variando na escala sensorial entre "nao gostei nem desgostei" e "gostei muito" (medias de 5,80 a 7,06). Nos atributos docura, corpo e atitude de compra nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre as bebidas, porem, diferiram estatisticamente (p.0,05) no atributo impressao global. A bebida com FOS apresentou uma aceitacao semelhante a bebida controle, mostrando ser uma opcao de alimento funcional atendendo as expectativas dos consumidores, que buscam alimentos saudaveis, nutritivos e saborosos.

The purpose of this work was to develop three mixed drinks based on caja (Spondias mombin L.) and cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) pulps, added prebiotic ingredients and to evaluate their chemical, physicochemical and sensory properties. Four formulations with combinations of two pulp fruit, sucrose and prebiotic ingredients (Standard inulin, inulin high performance-HP-and fructooligosaccharides FOS) were developed. The mixed drinks were submitted the following analysis pH, acidity, soluble solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total polyphenols and acceptance ratings of the sensory attributes such as: consistency, sweetness and overall impression, attitude and consumers purchase preference. The pH, total soluble solids and polyphenol results showed difference (p . 0.01) significant, while for the analysis of total acidity, sugars, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, it was not observed significant difference. The sensory attributes evaluates showed results ranging in scale between "I did not like or disliked "and" liked "(average 5.80 to 7.06). The attributes sweetness, consistency and attitude of buying showed no difference (p> 0.05) between drinks, however, differed significantly (p . 0.05) for the attribute of overall impression. The drink with FOS showed a similar acceptance when compared to traditional (sucrose) drink, showing an option of meeting the functional food expectations of consumers, who seek healthy, nutritious and tasty foods.